For most of modern medical history, the brain has been viewed as incapable of regeneration. While skin, bone, and even parts of the liver can regenerate after injury, damage to the brain—whether due to stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or neurodegenerative disease—has long been considered largely irreversible. Over the past decade, however, advances across stem-cell biology, neuroengineering, and computational neuroscience are challenging this dogma. Today, a broad set of scientific strategies is aimed at enabling true repair of damaged neural circuits . Many of these scientific strategies have been highlighted in previous editions of the DLF newsletter Neural Connections ( archived at the DLF website ). Although each approach faces obstacles, the collective progress is significant enough to shift expectations about what may one day be possible. This article focuses on one strategy that has produced some of the most dramatic and tangible preclinical results: transplantation of human stem-cell–derived neural tissue.